Alien Base in Nevada

Area 51

Nevada Airbase

The nevada airbase aka the Area 51 has a great history of UFO sightings and a lot of citizens in the area hace claimed the area to be related with alien operations. Many believe it to be a base for alien activities on the Earth.Many claim that it is a place where the American Government here research and investigate about on the aliens and alien equipments. But there are no solid proof of any kind of activities and the government has always claimed these claims to be just flukes and rumers. 

Here are the sequence of  encounters and claims of different individuals and groups about Area 51 during the first 20 years of the Area 51

Timeline:

April 12, 1955 -

 CIA officer Richard Bissell, who is overseeing the development of the U-2 plane, first sees the site that would become known as Area 51 while on an "aerial scouting mission." Bissell, along with three others, including Col. Osmund Ritland and Kelly Johnson, Director of the Lockheed Corporation's Skunk Works, agree that the area would "make an ideal site for testing the U-2 training pilots" and request the Atomic Energy Commission add the area to its real estate holdings in Nevada.

July 1955 -

 The CIA begins using Area 51 to develop the high-altitude U-2 reconnaissance plane. Other aircrafts are also tested at the site later, including the OXCART (a supersonic reconnaissance A-12 aircraft) and the F-117 stealth ground attack jet.

November 1959 -

  A radar test facility is established at Area 51.

October 13, 1961 -

 In a letter to Bissell, now the CIA's Deputy Director of Plans, by CIA Inspector General Lyman Kirkpatrick writes that Area 51 appears to be "extremely vulnerable in its present security provisions against unauthorized observation."

December 22, 1961 - 

 The A-12 arrives at Area 51.

1974 -

 Skylab astronauts inadvertently take photographs of Area 51. The images are reviewed by the National Photographic Interpretation Center ("NPIC") and then removed from the rolls of film and stored in a restrictive vault.

August 26, 1976 - 

 In a memo from the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence E.H. Knoche to General David C. Jones, the Air Force chief of staff, the National Security Council's Committee on Foreign Intelligence approves the recommendation "that management of Area 51 be transferred from CIA to Air Force by fiscal year 1978."

Space Exploration

Space Exploration

Since the Beginning

Shuttles, and space stations, horrific disasters, collaboration – but all from the tether of Earth's gravity. For us in the future, though, things might finally be about to change. Firstly, NASA have committed themselves to returning to the moon with humans by 2024 as of today, and they've been busy bees, designing the Space Launch System to launch in 2021. It could get us back to the Moon, Easy. But now we have commercial projects taking off: SpaceX, Blue Origin, Boeing – all of them vying to get us back on the lunar surface. Things are occurring! Obviously, going back to the Moon for science is attractive, but science probably won't be enough to keep us there, because cha-ching-ching, etc. 

There are plenty of resources for mining on the Moon: gold, platinum, yadda-yadda, and, rather more unique, helium-3 – an isotope useful for nuclear fusion. But the real dog's gonads to go back for is more spacing. The moon would be a perfect base of operations for, A : serving as a practice ground for learning how to live in hostile places for when we go to certain other planets soon – which we will – and B: fueling up and maintaining vehicles leaving Earth on their way beyond to other spots in the Solar System – when we go, which we will!

We could build mass drivers to shoot objects elsewhere with no need for propellant, establish farms, schools, administration... Buzz Aldrin took a wee on the Moon first day, whatever... But, a beginning. A point of departure to the rest of the Solar System. And one day – long from now, but one day – beyond the Solar System, too.Perhaps. If this is what you wake up to every morning, if this is the view from your lunar window, how would you feel about our petty squabbles back on Earth?

 No astronaut has ever returned from space and said: "Yeah, the universe was alright... Not as good as a nice fight though, eh? COME 'ERE Y LITTLE-" Almost all of them came back more placid, more prudent, and more inclined to see our planet as the fragile marble that it is. And as those lunar humans would look down on our fragile condition, we'd look up at them every night, and it would be a constant reminder not only of the power of human endeavor, but that we're out in the universe now. And surely that would change all of us down here. 

And if we're very lucky, maybe even change us for the better. Fifty years later, we're still living in the shadow of the Apollo program, when hundreds of thousands of men and women came together, spent a titanic amount of money, utilized an ungodly amount of brainpower to achieve something that was, by any estimation, impossible – and they did it. Some days It feels like we've forgotten how to do this: to dream crazy big – together, to reach for something – together, to look out beyond bickering and this "my team-your team" rubbish. There's an infinite playground just waiting out there for us, to explore as brothers and sisters.

 Obviously, the Apollo program came directly out of the "Space Race" between the US and the Soviet Union. It's not like the US went to the Moon just 'cause they fancied a nice view. but the solidarity inside the Apollo program and the directed attention of the American citizenry towards space was like nothing we've ever seen before. Many of you watching this, and me – we weren't alive to see the Moon landings. We didn't grow up with a single event in media that was a human project, on behalf of the entire species.

How will we feel when we see that first man or woman putting that first boot down on the red sands of Mars? I, for one, will be crying my eyes out, just happy I got to live long enough to see my species at the beginning of leaving its cradle and finally learning to walk. And then we will learn to run: to the orbits of Venus, Titan, Ganymede – wherever we feel like! Because that is us because audacity is what we do. Sometimes violently, sometimes misguidedly, but sometimes, every now and then, in solidarity – together, and for the love of reaching one mountain peak just the look to the next. In our solar system waiting – for us! – there are seven new mountains, with seven new sunrises and seven new sets of secrets. 

And if THAT doesn't unify us – Christ, nothing will. And it will all start with the Moon, our home away from home, as the springboard into the multiplanetary age of the human being. "We choose to go back to the Moon and do the other things – not because they are easy, but because they are cool!" To follow our evolutionary imperative, as it began with our emergence from the oceans and our many perilous diasporas across this great blue-green spaceship. "We've been on six dates together, Moon! Sorry we ghosted you, we've been going through some stuff! But we've changed, Moon – no more long distance, oh no, let's get it together properly. 

We're sliding back into DMs, baby! How 'bout it? Let's settle down together and raise a solar civilization, eh?" These are precarious times. So too were they precarious half a century ago, when those first explorers set off for space. If we can hold it together, this might be just the beginning of the beginning for our species. Because we are currently audacity monkeys, but we could be forever monkeys, if we wanted to. And the moon is clearly our door... into that forever.

Outer space Mission

Apollo 11

The first step into Forever

July 1969, Neil Armstrong's probably an ex-test pilot with a Boy Scout badge for spitting in the face of death, and on that day he find himself at Kennedy Space Center, wearing a spacesuit and about to board a strange machine. The machine is called "the Saturn 5 rocket", and is about three blue whales high, weighs about as much as thirty-five 737s, and very shortly, a million liters of liquid oxygen are going to mix with 700,000 liters of kerosene, and the machine is gonna go, and quite possibly KILL HIM DEAD! abd he hop in with your two other mates, strap up, and try to ignore the fact that you're about to ride the explosive equivalent of 400 tons of TNT up into the sky on the back of seven and a half million pounds of thrust. And sure enough, a system of valves open below him, mixing the liquid oxygen and kerosene, and are ignited. The cabin rocks left to right with the guidance computer gimballing the five gigantic F-1 engines 300 feet below him, desperately trying to stop you smashing into the launch tower. He is squashed back into his seat four times your normal weight. By 9:35 AM you're 42 miles high, riding 5% for America's federal budget into the morning sky. 

By 9:44 AM, the first two stages of the rocket are jettisoned, and you're 118 miles high. By 12:22 PM you're in orbit, going at 24,000 miles an hour – or, if you prefer, speeding around the Earth at about 17 times faster than a bullet. By 12:49, you get the word he'll go for trans-lunar injection. A few minutes of engine burn later, and he's now headed out of Earth orbit. He blow the bolts connecting the two sections of your rocket ship, separating his module from the lunar module, spin them around and dock again. The Earth begins to recede behind him. By 2:45 PM, he is now riding 26 tons of food, instruments, and science at about 25,000 miles an hour. He is the commander of Apollo 11. And while two NASA missions have orbited the Moon already, his will now attempt to be the first to land and stand on that alien world. Fun fact: peeing in zero gravity is a nightmare. To counteract this, since all Apollo astronauts were men, engineers developed a system whereby one would urinate into a condom attached to a hose. The condom sizes came in "small", "medium", and "large". Legend has it that some astronauts were choosing the large size based on pride, and some were making a mess because it wasn't the right size. Allegedly, NASA opted to rename the sizes "extra-large", "immense", and "unbelievable".Space exploration!

 Anyway, what is this big white thing you're flying towards? Where did it come from? Well, no one knows for sure yet. The leading theory is that about four billion years ago something about the size of Mars – a planet we've called Theia – hit the Earth, and bits of the Earth came off, and eventually collected together into old Moonface McGee itself. Which is about 81 times lighter than the Earth, about ⅓ the diameter – bigger than Pluto, by the way, but most things are – and its gravity is around ⅙ ours. It takes the Moon 27 days to orbit us properly, but it also takes the Moon 27 days to turn once on its axis, which means we only ever see one side of the Moon. The reason the moon looks different to us through the month is its position relative to the Sun. As she swings around us, she's either between us and the Sun, called "new moon", waxes into the first quarter, then full, wanes into third quarter, and back to new. And moons in our solar system aren't unique at all: Mars has 2, Neptune has 14, Saturn has 82, but we are the only planet in our solar system with one moon, weirdly, and it is by far the largest, relative to its planet. No good explanation for any of that yet, but boy, are we glad its here! It kindly regulates the tides and stops us wobbling on our axis. All in all, very pretty, very mysterious.

 And would you look at that – he is almost there. Well, about 33,000 miles away, but you've entered the Moon's sphere of influence. That means the Moon has more gravitational power over you than the Earth does. He is  in its house now. Out the window and below is a barren expanse, a visual history of great violence: craters where comets hit, some as wide as 175 kilometers in diameter. one astronaut stays in the command module, while he and his colleague transfer to the lunar module. And before he know it, he's separated and descending to the surface.

 Ancient and dead volcanoes have covered the Moon in 23 of what our ancestors mistook for "maria" – Latin for "seas", as we still call them today. the Sea of Crises, the Eastern Sea, and there, our destination – the Sea of Tranquility. But he's traveling too fast for some reason, and overshooting the landing spot. Still, he'd come all this way, and you'll be damned if you quit here. 6,000 feet above now, alarms go off: 1201 and 1202. No one back on Earth is sure what that even means, but they advise him to carry on with the descent. Beside him, his co-pilot calls out the altitude. He's now coming down on the southwestern edge of the Sea of Tranquility, but there are boulders the size of trucks everywhere – no sign of flat. He can't land here. He take over manual control, desperately looking for a smooth area to set down, the biometric sensors reading your heart rate at 156 beats per minute.and  fuel is dribbling away. 

If he can't find a safe spot, he have to abort the entire mission. 150 feet, 75 dropping still, then a dust cloud kicks up beneath him – five feet, two, one and a half, one, and his co-pilot calls contact light, and with a jolt and only 15 seconds of fuel left... You're down. And he said... "Tranquility Base here, The Eagle has landed." The schedule calls for the two of them to sleep, but you're the first humans to visit the Moon, for God's sake. During this time, his co-pilot takes Holy Communion, though does it on the quiet: NASA is currently engaged in a lawsuit with an atheist who had objections to a previous mission orbiting the Moon, and reading from the Bible as it did so. Then, at 2:39 AM, you open the hatch and slowly descend the ladder. He pull a lever, activating the camera already on the outside of the lunar module to witness what is about to come next. 

He reach the bottom of the ladder, still standing on the leg now. He observe the surface of the Moon is granular, almost like powder. He uncover a plaque on the lunar module, saying: "Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon. July 1969, A.D. We came in peace for all mankind." Tentatively, he step back with his left foot onto the first celestial body humankind has ever visited. And having been allowed to choose those first words on a new world, you say: "That's one small step for  a man, one giant leap for mankind." Which will later be misquoted repeatedly without the indefinite article, as "One small step for man", Which makes no sense, if you think about it, because that would mean "one small step for Humanity, one giant leap for Humanity", but whatever – he's on the Moon. His colleague exits the lunar module, pausing on the ladder a few moments to become the first human ever to urinate while outside on the Moon, then joins him on the surface. 

He erect a United States flag and accept a call directly from your then-president Richard Nixon. The two of you experiment with transport methods, including kangaroo hops, he set up scientific equipment, he take photos, collect ground samples... But this picnic runs on oxygen. So, two and a half hours later after setting foot down here, the two of you climb the ladder again, and return to the lunar module, and attempt to sleep. You sleep – not very well, but... a little. It's time now to go home. They're both relying on a single ascent engine that can only be fired once, meaning one chance to leave. His colleague has somehow damaged the circuit breaker for the engine in the course of moving about. He jam a felt-tip pen in there, hoping that to your third colleague will be flying overhead shortly, waiting to rendezvous if all goes well. The ascent engine is fired, everything goes fine.

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Universe

The Universe

Welcome to the Universe. We will start with Tyrion Lannister of physics - The Planck Length which is the smallest thing you can sensibly talk about. And... next stop is our subatomic partical  and meet our first neutrino. There are around 65 billion of them passing through just 1 square cm of Earth every second. Up next - we bump into quarks. These come in several flavours: Up, Down, Strange, Charm, Top and Bottom. These are about as close to the building blocks of nature as we have managed to get so far. Next stop -  we get to the A-list celebritites of subatomic world Neutron and Proton usually they engage in three ways: With Electron and a kinky arrangement  known as atoms .Funny thing about subatomical particles: Sometimes they behave as waves,other times as particles depending on how they are feeling and whether or not are they in mood .Which brings us to some more celebrities you have heard of Such as Helium, Hydrogen, Carbon and Cesium and all of this stuff we study in periodic table.

So far and everything in the universe is controlled by 4 forces: The Strong Force, which generally binds quarks, protons and neutrons together. Then there's weak force, which regulates radioactive decay. The electromagnetic force, which holds atoms and molecules together basically... And finally - Gravity. It was the promiscuous hussie of physics and regulates everything else like Universes.

We'll get to there later All the stuff is contained in a neat little package called The Standard Model and is about as close to a theory of everything we've managed to get so far. Generally, the little stuff comes under a title Quantum Physics and a big stuff, to which we get to in a moment, is known as Relativistic Physics Scientists are working very hard on getting the two of them to move in together but currently they have severe commitment issues.

Moving a bit further up we get to the code of life Deoxyribonucleic acid, also known as DNA. DNA is made of a sneeze called ATCG Or Adenine,  Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine depending on how these are arranged we can get anything from Ebola virus to Papyrus, to the German Iris to Miley Cyrus .Up some more now we get the Cells top favourites including Red Blood, White Blood, Dendritic and soft. The next level above that should be familiar this is where we find raindrops, Blue Whales, hakisaks, Redtube, the human race as well as subway . Out a little further now we are looking down on all of human history Including all of our insecurities, morgage repayments and ex-emotional times. M

Moving on we get to the eight planets and 146 moons of our Solar System which doesn't count Pluto Because you are not a planet. Then there's the Sun, which is a four and a half billion year old burning ball of Hydrogen and Helium several billion years from now The Sun will rage quit and turn into a red giant gobbling whatever is left of a planet by then out again, we find the Milky Way.

The Milky Way contains at least a 100 billion stars. Stars can be by themselves, or orbiting each other called a Binary Star System Or occasional group of three, which is called a Trinary/Ternary Or Ménage a star and that's not all . There's the Nebulae, which is a little starry womb where a lots of stars are born Moons, which either come from planets or are a random floating matter And comets, meteors and a million other types of astronomical bodies that there simply isn't time to talk about. At the center of our galaxy And lots of other galaxies, are Black holes ,these are enourmous wells of gravity that suck matter in and distort time. Fun fact: If you'd hold your breath while falling into a black hole You would die, obviously And then there's the rest of the Universe.

The Milky Way, our galaxy, is one of a list of hundred billion galaxies each one prettier than the last since there are a 100 billion galaxies with at least a 100 billion stars in them That means there are at least 10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 (do the math) stars In the Universe.

The Universe itself, as far as we are aware, is about 95 billion lightyears across or to put it in another way.If you are travelling with the speed of light 300,000 kilometers per second it would take you 95,000,000,000  years to get from one side to the other except for the fact that the Universe is expanding And the expansion is getting faster which literally makes no sense.

And a...That's... that's about it really. Oh! except there might be Parallel universes And hidden dimensions of space And we completely forgot about Time. The Universe began, if you can call it that, about 14 billion years ago (the Big Bang) . The first few galaxies turned up a few hundred million years later. A few hundred millions after that we get the Milky Way and another few and you've got a very young Earth, then oceans, then life a bit later Reptiles and the Dinosaurs Game over for dinosaurs. Evolution of hominids And finally all of our bullsh*t here. Anyway Nothing means anything and we all are going to die.

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Into the Space

First into Space

Sputnik - The Spark of the Space Fire

It all begun on October 4th in year 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I, the world's first artificial satellite. Sputnik was about the size of a beach ball (58 cm. in diameter), weighing only 83.6 kg. , which took about 1 hour and 38 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. That launch initiated many new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. The Sputnik launch was a single event that spark started the Space Fire and the U.S.-U.S.S.R Space Race.

 The story begun in 1952, when the International Council of Scientific Unions decided to term the period from July 1, 1957, to December 31, 1958, as the International Geophysical Year (IGY) because of the fact that the cycles of solar activity would be at a high point then. In October 1954, the council passed  a resolution aiming for artificial satellites to be launched during the IGY to map the Earth's surface. 

In July 1955, the White House put forward plans to launch an Earth-orbiting satellite for the IGY and start looking for proposals from various Government research agencies to undertake development. In September 1955, the Naval Research Laboratory's Vanguard proposal was chosen to be used by the U.S. during the IGY. 

The Sputnik launch changed everything. As a technological achievement, Sputnik caught the world's attention and the American public off-guard. Its size was more impressive than Vanguard's intended payload of 1.58 k.g.. In addition,It created a fear among people about the Soviet's ability to launch satellites also translated into the capability to launch ballistic missiles that could carry nuclear weapons from Europe to the U.S. 

Then the Soviets struck again; on November 3, Sputnik II was launched, carrying a much heavier payload, including a dog named Laika. 

Initially after the Sputnik I launch in October 1957, the U.S. Defense Department responded to the political excitement by approving funding for another U.S. satellite project. As an alternative to Vanguard simultaneously, Wernher von Braun and his Army Redstone Arsenal team began work on the Explorer project. On January 31, 1958, the wind flow changed, when the United States successfully launched Explorer I. The Explorer program continued as a successful ongoing series of lightweight, scientifically useful spacecraft. This satellite Explorer 1 carried a small scientific payload that eventually discovered the magnetic radiation belts around the Earth, named after principal investigator James Van Allen.

In July 1958, Congress passed the National Aeronautics and Space Act (commonly called the "Space Act"), which created NASA as of October 1, 1958 from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and other government agencies. Thus, the Sputnik launch also led directly to the creation of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

This metal arming key is the last remaining piece of the Sputnik 1 satellite. It prevented contact between the batteries and the transmitter prior to launch. Currently on display at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.

Astronomical Discoveries

Some astronomical discoveries from ancient Greece

The Histories by Herodotus (484BC to 425BC) offers an unforgettable loop into the world as it was known to the ancient Greeks in the mid-fifth century BC.The Greeks were always ahead in the field of education, science and technology.

The greeks didn't stepped back in the field of astronomy also. 

Here are the few great Astronomical observations by the ancient Greeks that were proved right and amazed the world by their discoveries and observations. All these observations were first taken as mare jokes and flukes but later on they proved to be absolutely true and layer on develped to the facts we know.

 The planets Orbit the Sun

About a few centuries later, there had been a lot of progress. Aristarchus of Samos (310 B.C. to 230 B.C.) argued that the sun was like the “central fire” for the cosmos and placed all of the then known planets in their correct order along with the  correct distance around the sun. This is the earliest known heliocentric theory of the solar system.

Unfortunately, the original text in which he made the argument has been lost in history, so it cannot be know for certain how he worked it out. Aristarchus knew the sun was much bigger than the Earth as well as the moon, and he may have supposed that it should therefore have the central position in the solar system.

Nevertheless it ws a jaw-dropping finding, especially when it is considered that it wasn’t rediscovered until the 16th century, by Nicolaus Copernicus, who even acknowledged Aristarchus during the development of his own work.

 

The size of the Moon

One of Aristarchus’ books that did survive was about the sizes and distances of the sun and moon. In this remarkable treatise, Aristarchus put forward the earliest known attempt of calculations of the relative sizes and distances to the sun and moon.

It had long been observed that the sun and moon appeared to be of the same apparent size in the sky, which is clearified by the fact that the sun was further away. They realized this from solar eclipses, caused by the moon passing in front of the sun at a certain distance from Earth.Also, for an the instant when the moon is at first or third quarter, Aristarchus reasoned that the sun, Earth, and moon would form a right-angled triangle.

Pythagoras had already determined how the lengths of a triangle’s sides were related a couple of centuries earlier, Aristarchus used the triangle to idealise the distance to the sun was between 18 and 20 times the distance to the moon. He also estimated that the size of the moon was approximately one-third that of Earth, based on careful observation on the timing of lunar eclipses.

While his estimated distance to the sun was much low (the actual ratio is 390), on account of the lack of telescopic precision available at that time, and the value for the ratio of the size of the Earth to the moon is surprisingly accurate (the moon has a diameter 0.27 times that of Earth).

Today, we know the size and distance to the moon accurately by a variety of means, including precise telescopes, radar observations and laser reflectors left on the surface by Apollo astronauts. But these observations by Aristarchus at that time were surprisingly amazind and gazing and even these days they are valid to some extent.

 

The Earth's Circumference

Eratosthenes (276BC to 195 B.C.) was the chief librarian at the Great Library of Alexandria and a keen experimentalist. Among his many great achievements ,he also got the credit of the earliest known calculation of the circumference of the Earth. Pythagoras is generally regarded as the earliest proponent to propose the fact of a spherical Earth, although didn't put anything about its size. Eratosthenes’s famous and yet simple method had relied on measuring the different lengths of shadows cast by poles stuck vertically into the ground, at midday on the summer solstice, at different latitudes.

The sun is enough far away that, wherever its rays arrive at Earth, they are considerably parallel, as had previously been shown by Aristarchus. So the difference in the shadows demonstrated how much the Earth’s surface curved. Eratosthenes used this to estimate the Earth’s circumference to a great approximity of 25,000 miles (40,000 km). This is within a couple of percent of the actual value, as established by modern Geodesy (the science of the Earth’s shape).

Later on , another scientist called Posidonius (135 B.C. to 51 B.C.) used a slightly different method and arrived at almost exactly the same answer. Posidonius lived on the island of Rhodes for much of his life. There he observed the bright star Canopus would lie very close to the horizon. However, when in Alexandria, in Egypt, he noted Canopus would ascend to some 7.5 degrees above the horizon.

Given that 7.5 degrees is 1/48th of a circle, he multiplied the distance from Rhodes to Alexandria by 48, and arrived at a value also of approximately 25,000 miles (40,000 km).Which also supports Aristarchus experiment and observations.

The first Astronomical Calculator

The world’s oldest surviving mechanical calculator is the Antikythera Mechanism. The amazing device was discovered in an ancient shipwreck of the Greek island of Antikythera in 1900.

The device had now been fragmented by the passage of time, but when intact it would have appeared to be a box housing dozens of finely machined bronze gear wheels in it. When manually rotated by a handle, the gears spun dials on the exterior showing the phases of the moon, the timing of lunar eclipses, and the positions of the five planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) known at that time at different times of the year. This even gave an account for their retrograde motion – an illusionary change in the movement of planets through the sky.

There is no clear proof an finding about who built it, but it dates to some time between the third and first centuries B.C., and could possibly be one of the work of Archimedes. The gearing technology with the sophistication of the Antikythera mechanism was not seen again for a thousand years.

Like these a vast majority of these works were lost to history and time and our scientific awakening is delayed by millennia. As a tool for introducing scientific measurement, the techniques of Eratosthenes are comparably easy to perform and require no special equipment, allowing to those who are just beginning their interest in science to understand by doing, experimenting and observing ultimately, following in the footsteps of some of the early great  scientists.